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Skin cancer is a malignant tumor occurring in epidermal cells, mainly classified into basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Different types present differently, but all may cause abnormal changes on the skin surface. Sun exposure, ultraviolet radiation, genetic factors, and immune deficiency are common triggers. The disease progresses slowly but has destructive potential locally, and distant metastasis may also occur.
Skin cancer is most common in middle-aged and elderly individuals, with fair-skinned people being at higher risk. Western countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and the United States report high incidence rates. In Southeast Asian countries like the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia, incidence has been rising in recent years due to increased sun exposure and lifestyle changes. Skin cancer not only causes cosmetic damage but can also destroy deeper tissues and even become life-threatening.
Stage I: Localized tumor, high cure rate
The tumor is limited to the epidermis and has not invaded the dermis or other structures. Surgical excision is effective at this stage, with a five-year survival rate above 95%.
Stage II: Invasion into deeper tissues, requires close follow-up
The tumor has infiltrated the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, with unclear boundaries. The recurrence rate increases after surgery, and the five-year survival rate is about 75%-85%.
Stage III: Local lymph node metastasis, requires systemic treatment
The tumor spreads to lymph nodes, requiring surgery combined with radiotherapy or cell therapy. The five-year survival rate ranges from 45%-60%.
Stage IV: Distant metastasis, significantly shortened survival
The tumor metastasizes to organs such as the lungs, liver, or bones, usually requiring comprehensive treatment. The five-year survival rate is less than 20%, with poor prognosis.
1. Persistent non-healing ulcer or lesion
The wound surface appears red, oozing, or slightly bleeding, with no improvement over weeks. This is often the earliest sign of skin cancer.
2. Abnormal or rapidly changing skin patches
Pigmented patches show uneven color with blurred borders and significantly enlarge in a short period, requiring high vigilance.
3. Gradually enlarging raised lesion
A firm, raised nodule develops on the skin surface, possibly accompanied by itching or pain.
4. Waxy or pearly skin nodules
Common in basal cell carcinoma, presenting as translucent, smooth small lumps that grow slowly but cause local destruction.
5. Sudden changes in a mole
An existing mole may suddenly darken, enlarge, bleed, or ulcerate, which is a typical sign of melanoma.
6. Wart-like or crusted lesions
Some skin cancers present as wart-like growths, with rough surfaces that peel easily, sometimes accompanied by oozing or recurrent crusting.
7. Reddened or chronic eczema-like changes
Often mistaken for allergies or inflammation, but may be an early signal of skin cancer, requiring evaluation alongside other symptoms.
8. Jagged or irregular lesion borders
As the tumor spreads, borders become irregular and diffuse, distinguishing it from benign lesions.
9. Enlarged lymph nodes or distant pain
Advanced lesions may involve lymph node swelling, tenderness, or even cause referred pain or pressure in distant areas.
Experts at United Life International Medical Center remind that skin cancer is not just a superficial skin issue. Any persistent, non-healing, discolored, or abnormally shaped lesion should be taken seriously. People living in areas with strong sunlight or high UV exposure should undergo regular skin screenings to detect lesions early and prevent progression to irreversible stages.
