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Multiple myeloma is a hematologic malignancy mainly characterized by abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is most common in people over 50 years of age, and incidence increases significantly with age. Globally, incidence is higher in Europe and North America, particularly notable in developed countries.
In Southeast Asia, such as Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand, the incidence is relatively low but has been rising yearly. The disease progresses rapidly, and without timely treatment, it can easily lead to severe complications such as fractures and renal failure, seriously affecting survival and quality of life.
Stage I (Early stage)
The tumor burden is mild, with slight bone destruction. Patients often show no obvious symptoms, with only mild bone pain in some cases. Response to treatment is good, and the 5-year survival rate can reach 80%-90%.
Stage II (Intermediate stage)
Bone damage becomes significant, with moderate bone pain and anemia, as well as mild renal impairment. Quality of life declines, and the 5-year survival rate is about 50%-70%.
Stage III (Advanced stage)
Extensive bone destruction occurs, with pathological fractures, severe anemia, and renal dysfunction. Physical strength declines sharply, and the 5-year survival rate drops to only 20%-40%.
Stage IV (Terminal stage)
Multiple organ involvement occurs, with severe tumor metastasis and life-threatening conditions. Treatment effects are limited, and the 5-year survival rate falls below 10%.
1. Persistent bone pain
Bone pain is the most common symptom, usually affecting the spine, ribs, and long bones. The pain progresses from mild discomfort to persistent dull pain, severely affecting daily activities and sleep.
2. Frequent fractures
Bone destruction makes bones fragile, and even minor external forces can cause pathological fractures. Fractures not only intensify pain but also restrict mobility, requiring proactive prevention.
3. Anemia symptoms
Abnormal plasma cells occupy bone marrow, suppressing normal hematopoiesis. Patients present with fatigue, dizziness, pale complexion, and even palpitations, impacting daily life.
4. Kidney dysfunction
Abnormal immunoglobulin deposits block renal tubules, causing renal impairment, with symptoms such as reduced urine output, edema, and high blood pressure. Timely monitoring and treatment are necessary.
5. Reduced immunity
Myeloma damages normal immune cells, making patients prone to recurrent infections such as fever and pneumonia, which may become life-threatening in severe cases.
6. Hypercalcemia
Bone destruction releases large amounts of calcium, leading to nausea, vomiting, constipation, and excessive thirst. Some patients may show mental status changes requiring urgent management.
7. Neurological compression symptoms
The tumor may compress the spinal cord or nerve roots, causing limb numbness, tingling, or motor dysfunction, and in severe cases, impairing mobility and independence.
8. Weight loss
Long-term illness and metabolic disorders reduce appetite and cause malnutrition, leading to significant weight loss and weakness, complicating treatment.
9. Enlarged lymph nodes
Some patients develop enlarged, hard, painless lymph nodes, suggesting possible local tumor spread, requiring prompt diagnosis.
Experts at United Life International Medical Center remind that although multiple myeloma is a severe malignant tumor, early diagnosis and standardized treatment—especially advanced immune reconstruction cell therapy—can significantly improve prognosis and quality of life. Patients should pay attention to early symptoms, actively cooperate with treatment, and prevent disease progression. Regular follow-ups and scientific management are important measures to ensure long-term health.
