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Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor occurring in the cervix, mainly caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. It is most common in women over 30, especially those with early sexual activity or multiple partners. The disease progresses slowly, with no obvious symptoms in early stages, making it easy to overlook.
Globally, the incidence of cervical cancer in developing countries is significantly higher than in developed countries. In Southeast Asian nations such as India, the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Myanmar, low HPV vaccination coverage and inadequate screening have resulted in persistently high mortality rates. Without timely treatment, the disease can invade nearby organs such as the uterus, vagina, bladder, and rectum, or metastasize to distant sites.
Stage I: Confined to the cervix, higher survival rate
Cancer cells are confined to cervical tissue and have not invaded surrounding structures. Patients usually have no obvious symptoms, and the disease is often detected during routine exams or screenings. The 5-year survival rate is above 90%, with good treatment outcomes.
Stage II: Spread beyond the cervix, early intervention is key
At this stage, cancer has extended beyond the cervix but has not reached the pelvic wall or lower third of the vagina. Patients often present with abnormal bleeding and lower abdominal discomfort. The 5-year survival rate is around 70%, requiring active combined treatment.
Stage III: Extensive spread, increased treatment difficulty
The cancer spreads to the pelvic wall, causes hydronephrosis, or involves the lower vagina. Symptoms are significant, such as persistent vaginal bleeding and leg swelling. The 5-year survival rate drops to around 40%-50%.
Stage IV: Distant metastasis, lowest survival rate
Cancer cells spread to the bladder, rectum, or distant organs such as lungs and bones. Symptoms are severe, and quality of life is markedly reduced. The 5-year survival rate is below 20%, with treatment focusing on delaying progression.
1. Irregular vaginal bleeding as the earliest sign
Irregular vaginal bleeding is the most common early symptom, especially postmenopausal bleeding, bleeding after intercourse, or intermenstrual bleeding, all of which should raise suspicion for cervical lesions.
2. Increased abnormal vaginal discharge
Patients often experience increased vaginal discharge that may be watery, purulent, or blood-tinged, sometimes with a foul odor. This indicates cervical mucosal damage, often with concurrent bacterial infection.
3. Pelvic or lumbosacral pain
As cancer spreads to surrounding tissues, patients may have persistent lower abdominal or pelvic pain radiating to the lumbosacral region, sometimes accompanied by prolonged menstruation or painful intercourse.
4. Frequent urination, dysuria, or hematuria
When the tumor presses on or invades the bladder, patients may develop urinary frequency, painful urination, or hematuria. In some cases, bladder dysfunction occurs.
5. Difficulty defecating and rectal bleeding
If the rectum is involved, patients may experience frequent but difficult defecation, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, or intestinal obstruction, indicating advanced disease.
6. Leg swelling and mobility issues
When cervical cancer spreads to the pelvic lymphatic system, it obstructs venous return, causing unilateral or bilateral leg swelling. Severe cases may involve leg pain and claudication.
7. Fatigue and weight loss
As cancer spreads, it consumes large amounts of energy. Patients often experience fatigue, loss of appetite, and rapid weight loss, especially from Stage III onwards.
8. Abnormal vaginal odor indicating infection
With necrosis of cervical tissue, vaginal discharge develops a distinct foul odor, common in late-stage patients.
9. Menstrual irregularities and abnormal flow
Some younger women may present with increased menstrual volume, shortened cycles, or prolonged periods in early stages, requiring differentiation from benign menstrual disorders.
10. Anxiety and mental state changes
Chronic vaginal bleeding and physical discomfort often lead to anxiety, depression, and irritability, which can affect treatment compliance. Psychological support should be provided alongside treatment.
Although cervical cancer progresses slowly, early symptoms are often overlooked. Experts at United Life International Medical Center emphasize that regular HPV screening and cervical cytology are crucial for early detection. Women over 30, especially those at high risk, should undergo annual cervical screening. In addition, immune reconstruction cell therapy can enhance immune recognition and clearance of cancer cells on top of traditional treatments, delaying disease progression and improving survival. Early symptom recognition and timely intervention are key to cervical cancer prevention and control.
