Graft-Versus-Host Disease Symptoms

GVHD is an immune disorder caused by donor immune cells attacking recipient tissues. It mostly occurs after bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, manifesting as multi-organ damage involving the skin, liver, intestines, and others. The condition is complex and can be life-threatening in severe cases.

Global Prevalence

In Europe and the United States, due to the widespread use of bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplants, the incidence of GVHD is relatively high, accounting for about 30%-50% of transplant patients. In Southeast Asia, with advancements in medical care and increased transplant numbers, related cases are also on the rise, particularly in China, Japan, and India.

Harms of GVHD at Different Stages

Early stage:

Mainly presents as skin erythema, itching, and mild liver function abnormalities. Without timely treatment, it can progress rapidly.

Middle stage:

Involves liver and gastrointestinal damage, presenting with jaundice, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The condition worsens, making treatment more difficult.

Late stage:

Characterized by tissue fibrosis and multi-organ failure, severely impacting quality of life and potentially leading to death.

Detailed Symptoms of GVHD

1. Skin damage

Erythema, itching, blisters, and peeling are among the most common GVHD symptoms. Severe cases may involve sclerosis and atrophy.

2. Liver dysfunction

Patients often present with jaundice, hepatomegaly, and abnormal liver function tests. If the condition worsens, liver failure may occur.

3. Gastrointestinal symptoms

Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are frequent, severely affecting nutrient absorption and quality of life.

4. Oral mucositis

Mouth pain, ulcers, and dryness are common, interfering with eating and speech.

5. Pulmonary complications

Pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may occur, causing breathing difficulties and coughing.

6. Immune dysfunction

The immune system is impaired, increasing infection risk. Treatment is complex, and recovery is slow.

7. Musculoskeletal atrophy

Muscle weakness, atrophy, and decreased motor function affect daily living.

8. Psychological effects

Chronic illness often leads to anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems, requiring comprehensive management.

Conclusion

GVHD is complex and highly harmful. Without timely intervention, it leads to multi-organ damage or even death. Experts at United Life International Medical Center emphasize that early identification and scientific treatment are crucial for improving prognosis. Currently, stem cell therapy and immune reconstruction technologies bring new hope, with potential to significantly improve patient quality of life and survival rates in the future.